Bone cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the bone are out of control. It destroys normal bone tissue. It starts in your bone or spreads to other parts of your body (called metastasis).

Bone cancer is very rare. Most bone tumors are benign, which means they are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of your body. But they can still weaken your bones and lead to broken bones or other problems. There are some common types of benign bone tumors:

Osteoporosis is the most common. It often occurs in people under the age of 20.
The giant cell tumor is usually on your leg. In rare cases, these can also be cancerous.
Osteoid osteoma often presents in the long bones, usually in the 20s.
Osteoblastoma is a rare tumor that grows in the spine and long bones, mainly in young people.
Econdroma usually appears in the bones of the hands and feet. Often it has no symptoms.


It is also known as primary bone cancer. Primary bone tumors are tumors that originate in bone tissue and can be benign or malignant (bone cancer). Benign (non-cancerous) tumors are more common in bone than bone cancer.

When bone cancer is found, it originates in the bone (similar to primary bone cancer) or spreads to the bone after birth elsewhere (bone metastasis or secondary cancer). In fact, when bone cancer is found, most of the time it is a metastasis that begins in another organ or part of the body and spreads to the bone. This cancer with bone metastases gets its name from where the original cancer started (for example, metastatic prostate cancer that has spread to the bone). Breast, prostate, and lung cancers are one of the most common bone cancers that develop. Less commonly, the cancer begins within the bone as primary bone cancer and is true bone cancer. Metastatic primary and secondary bone cancers are often treated differently and have a different prognosis.

Although they are not considered true bone cancers, there are other cancers that begin in the bones. Lymphoma is a cancer of the cells that triggers the body's immune response. Lymphoma usually begins in the lymph nodes, but sometimes it begins in the bone marrow. Multiple myeloma is another immune cell cancer that usually begins in the bone marrow. These tumors are not considered primary bone cancers because they are not derived from the original bone cells.


Types


They are formed directly in surrounding tissues, such as bone or cartilage.

Cancer can also spread or metastasize to your bones from another part of your body. This is called secondary bone cancer, and this type is more common than primary bone cancer.

Common types of primary bone cancers:

Multiple myeloma (MM)
Multiple myeloma is a multiple type of bone cancer. MM usually affects the elderly. Among bone cancers, MM is one of the best diagnoses, and most people with it do not need treatment.

Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
It has a tendency to arise at the tips of the long bones of the arms and legs. Osteosarcoma can also start in the hips, shoulders, or other areas. It affects the hard tissue that provides the outer layer of bones.

Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma can occur in the pelvis, thighs, and shoulders of the elderly. It forms in the subchondral tissue, which is the tight connective tissue between the bones. It is the second most common primary cancer associated with bones.

Ewing's sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer that begins directly in the soft tissues around the bones or in the bones of children and adolescents. The long bones of the body, such as the arms, legs, and pelvis, are often affected.


Causes

Bone cancers are classified into specific types based on the number of cells that started the cancer. The most common types of bone cancer are:
In this tumor, cancer cells make bone. This type of bone cancer occurs most often in children and adolescents, in the bones of the leg or arm. In rare cases, osteoporosis (extracranial osteosarcoma) can occur outside the bone.
Chondrosarcoma. The second most common form of bone cancer is chondrosarcoma. In this tumor, cancer cells make cartilage.
Ewing's sarcoma. Ewing sarcoma tumors are most likely to occur in the pelvis, legs, or arms of children and adolescents.


Symptoms & signs

Pain
First, the pain is not constant. It can be worse at night or when the bone is used, for example pain in the legs when walking. As cancer progresses, pain is present at all times and becomes more intense with activity.

Inflammation
Swelling in the painful area may not occur until weeks later. It is possible to feel a lump or mass depending on where the tumor is.

Cancers of the neck bones cause a lump in the back of the throat that makes it difficult to swallow or make it difficult to breathe.

Cracks
Bone cancer weakens the bone it is in, but most do not break (break). People with a fracture to the side or through a bone tumor usually describe sudden severe pain in the bone that has been sore for a few months.

Other features
Cancer in the bones of the spine can cause stress, numbness, and tingling or weakness in the nerves.

Cancer causes weight loss and fatigue. If cancer speads to internal organs, it can cause other symptoms as well. For example, if cancer has spread to the lungs, it can cause shortness of breath.

These symptoms are more likely to be due to conditions other than cancer, such as injury or arthritis. However, if these problems persist for a long time without an unknown cause, you should see your doctor.



Risk factors


Any risk factor that affects the possibility of contracting a disease such as cancer. Different types of cancer have different risk factors. For example, exposure of the skin to strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the lung, mouth, larynx, bladder, kidneys, and many other organs. But being a risk factor or being too high doesn't mean you get the disease.
Genetic defects
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer in children that is inherited. People with this mutation are also at risk for bone or soft tissue sarcomas. Also, if radiation therapy is used to treat retinoblastoma, the risk of developing osteoporosis in the bones around the eye is also higher.

Finally, there are families with many members who have developed osteoporosis without inherited changes in known genes. The genetic defects that cause cancer in these families have not yet been identified.

Chondrosarcomas
. These tumors are mainly made up of cartilage. They are painful and can cause deformities and / or broken bones. The disorder is caused by a mutation in any of the 3 genes EXT1, EXT2, or EXT3. Patients with this condition are at increased risk for chondrosarcoma.


. Most of these tumors have a condition called multiple onchondromatosis. They are at risk of developing chondrosarcomas.

Chordomas
Chordomas seem to run in some families. changes on chromosome 7.

Patients with inherited tuberous sclerosis syndrome caused by defects (mutations) in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes appear to be at increased risk of developing cardiomas in childhood.

Paget's disease
Paget's disease is a benign (non-cancerous) non-cancerous condition that affects one or more bones. It leads to abnormal bone tissue formation and occurs most often in people over the age of 50. The affected bones are heavy, thick, and brittle. These are bones that are weaker than normal and are prone to fracture. For the most part, Paget's disease is not fatal. Bone cancer (usually osteoporosis) develops in 1% of people with Paget's disease, and generally affects most of the bones.

Radiation
Bones exposed to ionizing radiation are also at risk for bone cancer. A typical bone X-ray is harmless, but exposure to large doses of radiation can be dangerous.Being treated at an early age and / or with high doses of radiation (usually more than 60 Gy) increases your risk of bone cancer.


Ionizing radiation, such as microwaves, power lines, mobile phones, and electromagnetic fields from appliances, do not increase the risk of bone cancer.


Preventive Measures

Genes
People need to know their genes for a history of cancer and other risks that can affect their medical condition.

Skeletal fragility
It is very important to inform about bone health so that further complications can be prevented for the prevention of bone diseases. Also, read more about risk factors for bone cancer.

Other diseases
Anyone suffering from osteoporosis needs an evaluation of the secondary causes of the disease.

Diet and nutrition
Maintaining a healthy and nutritious diet is essential to keep the body fit enough to deal with unnecessary problems.

Exercise
Physical exercise and yoga are effective in curing diseases. It keeps the body circulating properly and helps prevent diseases.

Drugs and drugs
Medications that prevent bone fractures are anti-absorbent for the most common bone diseases. These are effective in reducing the risk of future cracks. Both drugs prevent the skeleton from deteriorating and allow some repair and restoration of bone mass and strength.

Additionally, anabolic therapy can help build new bone and reduce the risk of more fractures. It prevents and treats osteoporosis, which is applicable to other bone diseases.

General understanding
There should be community programs and campaigns to educate people about bone cancer, its symptoms, causes, risks and stages. People should be informed about medications that increase the risk of bone disease and prevent it.

Keep tobacco unrestricted
A healthy lifestyle is essential to prevent any type of cancer. Smoking is not something that will lead to a happier life without cancer.

Early diagnosis
Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment before metastasis. It is necessary to consult a doctor for screening and detection before the onset of a more damaging phase.


Diagnosis

Imaging tests can help determine the location and size of a bone tumor and whether the tumor has spread to other parts of the body. The types of imaging tests recommended are based on your individual signs and symptoms. The exams may include:

 Bone scan
 Computed tomography (CT)
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
 Positron emission tomography (PET)
 bone scan



Treatment

Treatment options for your bone cancer depend on the type of cancer you have, the stage of the cancer, your general health, and your preferences.
Surgery
In most cases, there are special techniques to remove the tumor in one piece, along with a small piece of healthy tissue. The surgeon will replace the lost bone with bone from another area of your body, from the bone bank, or with metal and hard plastic.

Bone cancers are very large or located in a complex area of the bone. Surgery may be required to remove all or part of the organ (amputation). As other treatments have been developed, amputation is less and less common. If amputation is required, you can have an artificial limb fitted and training to learn daily tasks with your new limb.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy involves the administration of drugs that kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing. However, this type of treatment works better for some types of bone cancer than others. For example, chemotherapy for chondrosarcoma is usually not very effective, but it is an important part of the treatment of osteoporosis and Ewing's sarcoma.

Radiotherapy
During radiation therapy, a special machine moves around you and directs the energy beams to precise points on your body.

Radiation therapy is often used before surgery because it can shrink the tumor and make it easier to remove. This helps reduce the chance that an amputation will be required.

Radiation therapy can also be used in people with bone cancer that cannot be removed surgically. After surgery, radiation therapy may be used to kill the remaining cancer cells. For people with advanced bone cancer, radiation therapy can help control signs and symptoms, such as pain.


Visit us for the best Surgical Oncologist in Hyderabad:
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Pediatric rheumatologist

A pediatric rheumatologist can diagnose and treat a variety of joint, muscle, and bone disorders in children, including autoimmune disorders such as arthritis, lupus, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory disorders of the muscles, eyes, or other organs.

The Department of Pediatric Rheumatology evaluates children with symptoms suggestive of autoimmune / inflammatory disease or musculoskeletal pain. Symptoms can include joint pain, muscle aches, weakness, a rash, and fever.

We provide comprehensive care appropriate to each child. Our physicians and staff include pediatric rheumatologists, rheumatology nurses, clinical social workers, and physical and occupational therapists. This team approach to providing clinical care is led by rheumatologists with experience diagnosing and managing childhood conditions, including:

Rheumatic diseases
Musculoskeletal pain syndromes
Connective tissue diseases



Why choose pediatric rheumatology?

Our specialists evaluate and treat a wide range of autoimmune and musculoskeletal conditions.

The pediatric rheumatologist is a member of the Children's Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA). The department is actively collaborating with the Department of Adolescent Medicine to investigate the etiological factors of juvenile fibromyalgia.

US. World News & Report The USA has consistently ranked us among the best children's hospitals in We are honored to rank the list of the best hospitals out of a total of 10 specialties.

You know your son well. Therefore, we will work with you to create a unique health care plan based on what is best for your child's health. In a children's hospital, you are always a key member of your child care team.


Living with rheumatologic diseases
Children with rheumatologic disorder do not need to lead a limited lifestyle. With the help of professionals and family, these children can enjoy an active life. Some activities also reduce symptoms.

Children living with arthritis or other conditions can try:

Eat a variety of healthy foods to make sure they get all the important nutrients they need.
Fitness exercises like walking, water exercises, or cycling to improve your heart health and keep your muscles and joints simple
Give the joints adequate sleep to relax.
Range of motion exercises that move the joints in certain directions to improve flexibility and reduce stiffness.
Prioritize relaxation to reduce stress and symptoms in children.
Strengthening exercises to strengthen the muscles around the joints and keep the joints flexible.
Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on weight-bearing joints.
Always talk to your pediatrician before starting an exercise routine for your child.


We treat in the pediatric rheumatology

Previously, "rheumatism" was a term used to describe a wide variety of inflammatory conditions of the joints and connective tissue. However, modern medicine recognizes that most of these disorders are immune diseases and omits the term "rheumatism." At Sheba, our doctors provide accurate diagnoses and treatments that are appropriate for each child and their specific condition.

We treat the following disorders:

Chronic Juvenile Arthritis - JIA
Mediterranean fever - FMF
PFAPA syndrome
Rheumatic fever: acute rheumatic fever
Rare autoinflammatory diseases like TRAPS, CRMO and more
Childhood lupus
Antiphospholipid syndrome - APS
Different types of vasculitis (eg, Henoch-Sconline purpura, HSP)
Scleroderma
Behet's disease
Fibromyalgia and other pain syndromes.
Kidney disease as a result of rheumatic conditions such as lupus or vasculitis.

Types of treatments

Each type of pediatric rheumatic disease requires its own specific treatment. The basic treatments that we offer in our pediatric rheumatology department are:

Anti-inflammatory Medications: Based on the personalized recommendation of your Sheba doctor, various medications can be used as long-term treatment to reduce painful symptoms:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These drugs, including ibuprofen and aspirin, reduce inflammation and pain.
Steroids - This is often the first line of defense against many inflammatory disorders such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, myositis, and vasculitis. These medications, such as prednisone, contain hormones to treat rheumatic diseases and can be given orally or by injection.
Disease modifying antihypertensives (DMARDs): Medications intended to reverse the progression of a specific disease, slowing its development and effects, and / or addressing abnormalities in the immune system associated with the disease.
Biologics - Advanced drugs that are genetically engineered to reduce and stop the body's inflammatory response.
Autoimmune supplements: These drugs work by shutting down parts of the immune system, preventing the body from attacking healthy cells. Some autoimmune medications have a very specific target, programmed to affect only certain molecules in the body that trigger and control inflammation.
Physical Therapy - These personalized exercises can improve or maintain mobility and are crucial to our comprehensive treatment program. Physical therapy helps promote a positive attitude in the patient.



Comprehensive pediatric rheumatology care

Rheumatic diseases affect children differently than adults. Symptoms can be more serious and problems can be more serious. Therefore, it is important to seek the caution of pediatric rheumatologists who understand how these disorders affect a child's development. Duke professionals use the wealth of their training, experience, and knowledge to meet your child's needs, including their physical health and emotional well-being.

North Carolina's Largest Pediatric Rheumatology Program
Our team approach means that many physicians can offer their specialized expertise in caring for your children.

Access to clinical trials
Your child may be eligible to participate in clinical trials that test new therapies. Our physicians help create national standard treatment guidelines for pediatric rheumatic conditions that make the best care available as widely as possible.

Specific disease clinics
If your child has lupus with kidney involvement, dermatomyositis, or autoimmune brain disease, our clinics specific to these conditions mean your child can see multiple specialists in one day without having to schedule special visits.

Switch to adult care
When your child is old enough to start seeing an adult rheumatologist, our transition clinic allows them to meet with a pediatric specialist and a new adult specialist at the same time.

Quick responses and support
Whether you need help refilling your child's medications or are concerned about new symptoms, you can get quick responses and support from our full-time professional clinical nurses.

Visit us for the best paediatrician in Vijayawada:
https://www.skedoc.com/vijayawada/paediatrician